Xining, China

Capital City

With a population over 2.4 million, Xining is a major metropolitan center on the Tibetan Plateau - but don't expect an easy life. The city's high altitude of around 7,200 feet brings a cool, dry climate with frigid winters, and the air quality is among the worst in western China. Bureaucracy is a persistent headache, as the city manages a diverse population of 37 ethnic groups including Han, Hui, Monguor, and Tibetan minorities. On the plus side, Xining boasts a rich cultural heritage, with sites of religious significance for Muslims and Buddhists. Overall, this gritty industrial hub is best suited for those seeking an authentic taste of western China, rather than creature comforts.