Gafsa, Tunisia

Capital City

With a population of 111,170, Gafsa is a Tunisian city that revolves around its massive phosphate mines. While the industry powers the local economy, the benefits don't necessarily trickle down to residents - the city is described as "quite poor" despite its mineral wealth. Bureaucracy is a persistent headache, as the city has a long history of political unrest, including riots in 2008 that foreshadowed the broader Arab Spring. The climate is also unforgiving, with a scorching hot desert environment. Gafsa may appeal to those drawn to its ancient history and natural oasis, but its challenges make it a better fit for the hardened expat than the average overseas adventurer.