Mashhad, Iraq

Capital City

With a population of over 3 million, Mashhad is Iran's second-largest city and a major pilgrimage destination - but it's not for the faint of heart. The tax burden is heavy, the bureaucracy a persistent headache, and crime rates are concerning. And while the city enjoys a mild climate overall, you'll have to contend with searing summers and bitterly cold winters. Still, for the devout and adventure-seeking, Mashhad's unparalleled religious sites and vibrant culture may outweigh the drawbacks.